异步电机

基本工作原理

• 定子是电动机的静止部分，通常由三组绕组组成，这些绕组在空间上相互错开 120 度角。
• 转子是电动机的旋转部分，可以是鼠笼式（squirrel cage）或绕线式（wound type）

电磁感应实质：磁链的变化率

$\mu H=B\to BS=\Phi \to n\Phi =\Psi \to \frac{\mathrm{d}\Psi }{\mathrm{d}t}=E$

铁芯增加磁导率，磁导率增大，输出的力矩也增大

总体概述

定子绕组连接到一个三相交流电源。当三相电源供电时，每个绕组在不同时间通过电流，产生变化的磁场。电流相位差120度，它们产生的磁场相互作用，形成旋转磁场。

转子绕组的导体在旋转磁场中，根据法拉第电磁感应定律，切割磁感线，产生感应电流和感应电动势， 感应电流与旋转磁场相互作用，产生电磁力，电磁力在转子上产生电磁转矩，驱动转子旋转。

H\sin \omega te^{ j0 }+H\sin(\omega t- \dfrac{2}{3}\pi)e^{ j \frac{2}{3 }\pi }+H\sin(\omega t- \dfrac{4}{3}\pi)e^{ j \frac{4}{3}\pi }=H' e^{ j(\omega t+ \frac{\pi}{2}) } \end{align}$$ #### 旋转磁场的产生 条件：对称三相绕组中通对称三相电流 旋转磁场的特点：旋转磁场是一种极性和大小不变并以一定转速旋转的磁场 所通三相电的频率 $f$，电转速 $\omega=2\pi n=2\pi f$ **一对磁极**时：电流从时刻 $\omega t=0,120^{\circ},240^{\circ},360^{\circ}$ 旋转磁场在空间上转过 $0,120^{\circ},240^{\circ},360^{\circ}$ **p 对磁极**时：磁极的对数 ${p}$ 同步转速/磁场转速：$n_{0}=\dfrac{n}{{p}}$ 磁角速度：$\omega_{0}=\dfrac{\omega}{{p}}=\dfrac{2\pi f}{{p}}=\dfrac{2\pi n}{p}$ 磁极对数越多，同步转速越慢 > 磁场矢量的合成 ### 转速与运行状态 一般情况下，**转子的实际转速** $n$ 总是略低于**同步转速** $n_{0}$，转差率定义为： $$s= \dfrac{n_{0}-n}{n_{0}}$$ - 转子实际转速 $n$ - 同步转速/磁转速 $n_{0}$ - 转差 $n_{0}-n$：是异步电机运行的必要条件 <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 917.1802585957244 327.82976787431016" width="917.1802585957244" height="327.82976787431016"> <!-- svg-source:excalidraw --> <defs> <style class="style-fonts"> @font-face { font-family: "Virgil"; src: 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t=\dfrac{\pi}{2}\quad 2\pi\cdot 50t= \dfrac{\pi}{2}$ ##### 两相异步发电机 $$\begin{align} \sin \omega te^{ j 0 }+\sin(\omega t- \dfrac{\pi}{2})e^{ j \frac{\pi}{2} } \end{align}$$ ##### 三相异步发电机 工业上常用 ##### 多相异步发电机 一次基波、高次谐波 $I_{1}\sin(\omega t),I_{2}\sin(n\omega t),I_{2}\ll I_{1}$ n 次谐波 发电机的相数越多，产生的磁场越圆 （圆度） 每一相可能有谐波，矢量叠加产生的磁场不圆 （频率较高，幅值较小） 转子上的铁芯和绕组发热 [[涡旋电流\|涡旋电流]] 一般情况： 平衡： 三相电代数相加为 0 #### 按转子结构分类 ##### 鼠笼型异步电机 ##### 绕线型异步电机 ### 实际应用 空调、冰箱、洗衣机